The Moscow Times
Nikolaus von Twickel
February 26, 2008
Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves warned that Russia on the eve of
its presidential election might be sliding into dictatorship, as Germany
did in the 1920s.
“There is a mentality of being stabbed in the back that reminds me of
the Weimar republic,” Ilves said in an interview, describing the current
atmosphere in Russia.
“The Weimar mentality … is so similar that I really hope that we do
not go off in the wrong direction,” he said, speaking by telephone from
the Estonian capital, Tallinn.
He refused to discuss the March 2 presidential vote specifically, saying
that he would not comment on another country’s domestic affairs during
an election campaign.
Estonia is a vocal critic of Moscow and saw that difficult relationship
embark on a collision course last year when it moved a Soviet war
memorial in Tallinn, triggering riots among its Russian minority.
Ilves spoke on the eve of the 90th anniversary of Estonia’s Feb. 24,
1918, declaration of independence. In weekend celebrations, Ilves
conferred awards on Western scholars who have researched communist
crimes, including U.S. journalist Anne Appelbaum and historians Robert
Conquest, Anthony Beevor and Norman Davies.
A Kremlin spokesman declined to immediately comment on Ilves’ remarks
late last week and asked that questions be put in writing. He had not
replied by Monday.
Moscow refuses to admit responsibility for injustices committed during
the Soviet era and maintains that the Red Army liberated Estonia and the
other Baltic states from Nazi Germany in 1944.
But Ilves, who was born to Estonian refugees in Stockholm, said it
mattered little that he grew up in the United States and not in his
homeland because Estonia had been occupied. “This is not … what we
consider part of our culture,” he said.
The president rejected the notion that his country was obsessed with its
communist past and accused Moscow of continued denial of Stalinist
crimes. He said four major reports had recently come out in Russia
denying Soviet involvement in the 1940 massacre of 22,000 Polish
officers in the Katyn forest. In contrast, he said, denial of the
Holocaust is illegal in Europe, and Germany has come to terms with its
Nazi past. “Why is it that Germany is a respected country today?” he
said.
Moscow, however, has seethed over attempts by Estonia and Latvia to
rehabilitate some of its anti-Soviet resistance forces, who fought with
the Germans during the war. Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov in January
accused both countries of glorifying such collaborators.
Ilves also criticized the Kremlin’s notion of sovereign democracy,
formulated in response to Western criticism of deficits in political
freedom.
He said Estonia and other former Soviet republics offered proof that
democracy was possible in post-Soviet societies. “The color revolutions
give the lie to the concept of sovereign democracy,” he said, referring
to the changes toward pro-Western governments in Georgia and Ukraine.
He said Moscow tended to have friendly relations with undemocratic
countries. “Why is difficult to have good relations with countries that
have come out of communism and are strong liberal democracies? Why is it
that despotic post-communist countries are friends, and those that are
not despotic are enemies? It doesn’t make sense,” he said.
Ilves flatly denied that there was any particular reason that Estonia
and Russia had especially bad relations. Rather, he argued, Estonia had
probably become a “whipping boy” at a time when the Kremlin needed a
foreign enemy. “It’s convenient to have small little neighbors that you
can kick,” he said.
He said that the situation reminded him of “Wag the Dog,” a 1997 film
about a Washington spin doctor who orchestrates a fake war against a
small, obscure country to distract voters from a presidential sex
scandal.
Ilves suggested that it did not actually matter what foreign policy
Estonia followed. “That’s why I personally advocate a policy of benign
neglect. Until things settle, there isn’t really anything we can do. We
are the current whipping boy,” Ilves said.
Estonia, he said, should care less about Russia and instead focus on the
West. “Ninety-five percent of my interest is the European Union, maybe
even more,” he said, adding that he wanted to make his country of just
1.3 million people “a player” in the 27-member union, focusing on
shaping a common foreign policy.
Estonia has come under criticism from other EU members for its critical
stance toward Moscow, and they have advocated a more pragmatic course.
But Ilves insisted that Tallinn was not obstructing a more pragmatic
policy toward Moscow. “Estonia’s foreign policy has been fairly
acquiescent,” he said, pointing out that his country had not supported
Poland’s recent veto against talks for a new Partnership and Cooperation
Agreement between the EU and Russia.
Plans to get negotiations under way for a new long-term treaty to
replace the current one, which dates from 1997, have been postponed
several times as relations with Moscow worsened.
Ilves accused the Kremlin of protectionist economic policies hostile to
European interests. “The problem is that the behavior on the other side
is not improving,” he said, stressing that economic relations were far
more sensitive than politics.
Moscow has been flexing its muscles by repeatedly shutting off or
diverting energy supplies to other former Soviet republics, decisions
that have been described as punishment for their steps away from
Moscow’s sphere of influence.
Ilves complained that kilometer-long truck lines at Estonia’s borders
were due mainly to the slow handling of customs on the Russian side and
said this jeopardized his country’s efforts to set up lucrative trading
ports.
Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov last week blamed corruption in customs for
the gridlock.
Ilves said port deals provided evidence of his country’s competitive
edge. “This shows the advantages of having an uncorrupt country and
integrity of your ports. People want to trade through your ports and not
through other ports,” he said. Last month, China’s Ningbo Port signed a
deal to build a $220 million container terminal in the port of Muuga.
Within the EU, Estonia should strive to play a strong role, he said,
citing Luxembourg as a role model. “It does not really matter whether
you come from a small country or from a large one. … What matters is
that you come up with good ideas,” he said.
As an example, he singled out strengthening legislation in cross-border
crime and cyber crime.
During the dispute over the relocation of the Soviet memorial in Tallinn
last year, Estonia said government and corporate web sites were attacked
by Russian hackers, including some that it linked to the Kremlin.
The Kremlin has denied involvement.
